Computer Graphics Pdf

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A modern rendering of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by Martin Newell in 1975.

Computer graphics is a sub-field of Computer Science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing.

  • 3Subfields
  • 8External links
  • Computer graphics image is made up of number of pixels. Pixel is the smallest addressable graphical unit represented on the computer screen. Introduction Computer is information processing machine. User needs to communicate with computer and the computer graphics is one of the most effective and commonly used ways of communication with the.
  • Computer Graphics & Animation Computer animation is the use of computers to create animations. There are a few different ways to make computer animations. One is 3D animation. One way to create computer animations is to create objects and then render them. This method produces perfect and three dimensional looking animations. Another way to.

Computer Graphics 6 Computer graphics is an art of drawing pictures on computer screens with the help of programming. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data. In other words, we can say that computer graphics is a rendering tool for the generation.

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Overview[edit]

Computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the mathematical and computational foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely aesthetic issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of visualization, although the two fields have many similarities.

Connected studies include:

Applications of computer graphics include:

History[edit]

One of the first displays of computer animation was Futureworld (1976), which included an animation of a human face and hand—produced by Ed Catmull and Fred Parke at the University of Utah. Swedish inventor Håkan Lans applied for the first patent on color graphics in 1979.[1]

There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them are the SIGGRAPH and Eurographics conferences and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Transactions on Graphics journal. The joint Eurographics and ACM SIGGRAPH symposium series features the major venues for the more specialized sub-fields: Symposium on Geometry Processing,[2] Symposium on Rendering, and Symposium on Computer Animation.[3] As in the rest of computer science, conference publications in computer graphics are generally more significant than journal publications (and subsequently have lower acceptance rates).[4][5][6][7]

Subfields[edit]

A broad classification of major subfields in computer graphics might be:

  1. Geometry: studies ways to represent and process surfaces
  2. Animation: studies ways to represent and manipulate motion
  3. Rendering: studies algorithms to reproduce light transport
  4. Imaging: studies image acquisition or image editing

Geometry[edit]

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Successive approximations of a surface computed using quadric error metrics.

The subfield of geometry studies the representation of three-dimensional objects in a discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of an object depends largely on its exterior, boundary representations are most commonly used. Two dimensional surfaces are a good representation for most objects, though they may be non-manifold. Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital approximations are used. Polygonal meshes (and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces) are by far the most common representation, although point-based representations have become more popular recently (see for instance the Symposium on Point-Based Graphics).[8] These representations are Lagrangian, meaning the spatial locations of the samples are independent. Recently, Eulerian surface descriptions (i.e., where spatial samples are fixed) such as level sets have been developed into a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes (with fluids being the most notable example).[9]

Geometry Subfields
  • Implicit surface modeling – an older subfield which examines the use of algebraic surfaces, constructive solid geometry, etc., for surface representation.
  • Digital geometry processing – surface reconstruction, simplification, fairing, mesh repair, parameterization, remeshing, mesh generation, surface compression, and surface editing all fall under this heading.[10][11][12]
  • Discrete differential geometry – a nascent field which defines geometric quantities for the discrete surfaces used in computer graphics.[13]
  • Point-based graphics – a recent field which focuses on points as the fundamental representation of surfaces.
  • Out-of-core mesh processing – another recent field which focuses on mesh datasets that do not fit in main memory.

Animation[edit]

The subfield of animation studies descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena) that move or deform over time. Historically, most work in this field has focused on parametric and is sometimes used for programs that describe local geometric variation.)

Other subfields

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  • physically based rendering – concerned with generating images according to the laws of geometric optics
  • real time rendering – focuses on rendering for interactive applications, typically using specialized hardware like GPUs
  • relighting – recent area concerned with quickly re-rendering scenes

Notable researchers[edit]

  • Arthur Appel
  • James Arvo
  • R. A. Hall
  • John Hughes
  • David F. Rogers
  • Kenneth Torrance

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^US patent 4303986, Lans, Håkan, 'Data processing system and apparatus for color graphics display', issued 1981-12-01
  2. ^'geometryprocessing.org'. geometryprocessing.org. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  3. ^[1]Archived March 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^'Best Practices Memo'. Cra.org. Archived from the original on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. ^'Choosing a venue: conference or journal?'. People.csail.mit.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  6. ^'Graphics/vision publications acceptance rates statistics'. Vrlab.epfl.ch. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  7. ^An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at this pageArchived April 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^'Point Based Graphics 2007 - PBG07'. Graphics.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  9. ^'Ron Fedkiw'. Graphics.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  10. ^[2]Archived February 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^CS 598: Digital Geometry Processing (Fall 2004)Archived 2004-10-25 at Archive.today
  12. ^'Digital Geometry Processing'. Cs.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  13. ^'Discrete Differential Geometry'. Ddg.cs.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.

Further reading[edit]

  • Foleyet al. Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice.
  • Shirley. Fundamentals of Computer Graphics.
  • Watt. 3D Computer Graphics.

External links[edit]

Look up computer graphics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer graphics.

University groups[edit]

  • Computer Graphics Usability and Visualization Group at Simon Fraser University
  • Computer Graphics Group at The University of Hong Kong
  • Media Technology Research Centre at the University of Bath
  • Center for Visual Information Technology, IIIT Hyderabad
  • Computer Graphics Department at Max-Planck-Institut fur Informatik
  • Computer Graphics and Immersive Technologies Laboratory at USC
  • Graphics Lab of Institute for Creative Technologies at USC
  • Computer Graphics Laboratory at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
  • Computer Graphics Group at PUC-Rio
  • Computer Graphics Group at University of Bonn
  • Computer Graphics Group at University of Virginia
  • Computer Graphics Laboratory at University of Tokyo
  • Computer Graphics Laboratory at UT Austin
  • Computer Graphics Laboratory at ETH Zurich
  • Computer Graphics / Geometric Design Group at Rice
  • Computer Graphics and User Interfaces Lab at Columbia University
  • High Performance Computer Graphics Lab at Purdue University
  • Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab at Purdue University
  • Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab at University of Utah
  • Computer Graphics and Visualization Lab at University of Wisconsin
  • Geometric Modeling and Industrial Geometry Group at Technische Universitat Wien
  • The Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms at Technische Universitat Wien
  • Graphics and Imaging Lab at Universidad de Zaragoza
  • Graphics and Geomatics Group at Universidad de Jaén
  • Graphics and Geometric Computing Group at Tsinghua University
  • GRAIL at University of Washington
  • GVIL at University of Maryland, College Park
  • GVU Center at Georgia Tech
  • IDAV Visualization and Graphics Research Group at UC Davis
  • IMAGINE Research Group at Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
  • Imager Laboratory at University of British Columbia
  • MRL at NYU
  • ViRVIG at Polytechnic University of Catalonia
  • Vision Research Center at Vanderbilt

Industry[edit]

Industrial labs doing 'blue sky' graphics research include:

Major film studios notable for graphics research include:

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